Overview: This glossary article on architectural terms House Map Studio provides a comprehensive overview of 400+ key terms commonly used in house & building design. It covers a wide range of topics including building types, interior spaces, amenities, and design principles relevant to the Indian context. Readers can connect with House Map Studio for detailed information and insights into residential & commercial architecture and design solutions tailored to their needs.

Architectural terms worldwide

 

1. Facade: The front face or exterior of a building.
2. Foyer: The entrance hall or lobby of a building.
3. Atrium: An open space within a building, often with a skylight.
4. Pillar: A vertical architectural support, often decorative.
5. Portico: A porch with a roof supported by columns, often at the entrance of a building.
6. Cornice: A decorative molding or projection at the top of a wall.
7. Balustrade: A row of small columns topped by a rail, used as a barrier or decoration.
8. Sill: The horizontal base of a window or door frame.
9. Soffit: The underside of an architectural feature such as an arch, beam, or overhang.
10. Eaves: The lower edges of a roof that overhang the wall.
11. Gable: The triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.
12. Dormer: A structure projecting from a sloping roof, usually containing a window.
13. Veranda: A roofed platform along the outside of a building, often enclosed by a railing.
14. Pergola: An outdoor structure with open sides and a roof supported by columns or posts.
15. Architrave: The bottommost part of an entablature, often found above doors and windows.
16. Lintel: A horizontal structural support, often found above openings like doors and windows.
17. Corbel: A piece of stone or wood projecting from a wall to support a structure.
18. Mullion: A vertical divider between window panes or sections.
19. Transom: A horizontal bar separating a door from a window above it.
20. Cantilever: A projecting beam or structure supported only at one end.
21. Pilaster: A flat, rectangular column attached to a wall for decoration or support.
22. Column: A vertical structural support, often cylindrical or square in shape.
23. Pediment: A triangular gable often found above classical porticos or doors.
24. Dome: A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure.
25. Vault: An arched structure forming a ceiling or roof.
26. Balcony: A platform projecting from the wall of a building, enclosed by a railing.
27. Cupola: A small dome-like structure on a roof, often used for ventilation or decoration.
28. Patio: An outdoor area adjoining a house, often used for dining or recreation.
29. Parapet: A low protective wall or railing along the edge of a roof, balcony, or bridge.
30. Terrace: A raised, flat area or platform, often outdoors.
31. Corridor: A long passage in a building with rooms on either side.
32. Frieze: A decorative band or strip, often found above columns or around a room.
33. Footing: The base or foundation of a structure, supporting the weight of the building.
34. Piazza: An open, covered porch or gallery, often surrounded by columns.
35. Ramp: A sloped surface connecting different levels, used for wheelchair access or vehicles.
36. Ridge: The highest point of a roof where two sloping sides meet.
37. Coping: The top layer of a wall or parapet, often sloped to shed water.
38. Facade: The front face or exterior of a building.
39. Grille: A decorative or functional metal grid, often used for ventilation or security.
40. Joist: A horizontal supporting member, often found in floors or ceilings.
41. Rafter: A sloping beam supporting a roof.
42. Shed Roof: A single-sloping roof often used for simple structures or additions.
43. Hip Roof: A roof with sloping sides and ends, meeting at a ridge.
44. Gambrel Roof: A roof with two slopes on each side, creating a steeper lower slope.
45. Mansard Roof: A roof with two slopes on all four sides, often with dormer windows.
46. Roofline: The edge of a roof where it meets the wall of a building.
47. Cupola: A small dome-like structure on a roof, often used for ventilation or decoration.
48. Dormer: A structure projecting from a sloping roof, usually containing a window.
49. Skylight: A window or opening in a roof to admit natural light.
50. Bay Window: A projecting window that extends outward from the main walls of a building.
51. Casement Window: A window with hinges on one side that opens like a door.
52. Transom Window: A horizontal window above a door or larger window.
53. Picture Window: A large, fixed window designed to provide an unobstructed view.
54. Double-Hung Window: A window with two vertically sliding sashes.
55. Awning Window: A window hinged at the top that opens outward.
56. Garden Window: A window that extends outward, often used for displaying plants.
57. Louvre: A slatted opening for ventilation or decoration.
58. Clerestory: A row of windows near the top of a high wall to provide light.
59. Oriel Window: A projecting window supported by brackets or corbels.
60. French Doors: Double doors with glass panels extending for most of their length.
61. Pocket Door: A sliding door that disappears into a compartment in the wall when open.
62. Bifold Door: A door that folds in half when opened, often used for closets or partitions.
63. Sliding Door: A door that slides open horizontally on tracks.
64. Dutch Door: A door divided horizontally, allowing the top and bottom halves to open separately.
65. Flush Door: A flat door without raised panels or moldings.
66. Revolving Door: A door consisting of several rotating panels, allowing people to enter and exit simultaneously.
67. Staircase: A structure consisting of a series of steps for ascending or descending.
68. Baluster: A vertical post or column supporting the handrail of a staircase or balcony.
69. Newel Post: The central supporting post at the bottom or top of a staircase.
70. Handrail: A rail fixed to a staircase for support or guidance.
71. Tread: The horizontal part of a step where the foot is placed.
72. Riser: The vertical part of a step between treads.
73. Banister: The collective term for handrails and balusters along a staircase.
74. Landing: A flat area between flights of stairs.
75. Stringer: The sloping board supporting the treads and risers of a staircase.
76. Winder: A wedge-shaped step used to change the direction of a staircase.
77. Spiral Staircase: A staircase that spirals around a central pole or column.
78. Fire Escape: A metal staircase outside a building for emergency evacuation.
79. Niche: A recessed or hollowed-out area in a wall for displaying objects.
80. Vaulted Ceiling: A ceiling with an arched or curved shape.
81. Dropped Ceiling: A secondary ceiling suspended below the main ceiling.
82. Cove Lighting: Lighting fixtures installed in a cove or recessed area in a ceiling.
83. Sconce: A decorative wall-mounted light fixture.
84. Chandelier: A decorative ceiling-mounted light fixture with multiple branches or arms.
85. Track Lighting: Lighting fixtures mounted on a track that can be adjusted.
86. Pendant Light: A light fixture suspended from the ceiling by a cord, chain, or rod.
87. Sconce: A decorative wall-mounted light fixture.
88. Clerestory: A row of windows near the top of a high wall to provide light.
89. Oculus: A circular opening in a dome or roof.
90. Cupola: A small dome-like structure on a roof, often used for ventilation or decoration.
91. Molding: Decorative trim or molding used to enhance architectural features.
92. Casing: The molding around a door or window frame.
93. Crown Molding: Molding at the top of a wall where it meets the ceiling.
94. Baseboard: Molding at the bottom of a wall where it meets the floor.
95. Chair Rail: Molding installed horizontally on a wall at chair height.
96. Picture Rail: Molding installed near the top of a wall for hanging pictures.
97. Fascia: The vertical face of a cornice or roof overhang.
98. Soffit: The underside of an architectural feature such as an arch, beam, or overhang.
99. Bargeboard: Decorative boards covering the projecting ends of gables.
100. Finial: A decorative ornament often found at the top of a spire, pinnacle, or roof.

Architectural terms in India

 

1. Vastu Shastra: Traditional Indian system of architecture and design principles.
2. Mandapa: A pillared outdoor hall or pavilion in Indian temples.
3. Shikhara: The rising tower or spire above the sanctum sanctorum of a temple.
4. Garbhagriha: The innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple, where the deity is housed.
5. Murti: Sacred image or statue of a deity in a temple.
6. Jharokha: A projecting window or balcony with ornate carvings, often found in Rajasthani architecture.
7. Chajja: A sloping roof projection or eave above a window or balcony to provide shade.
8. Chhatri: A small dome-shaped pavilion or canopy, often used in Indian architecture.
9. Bhumi Pujan: Ground-breaking ceremony performed before starting construction, seeking blessings from the earth.
10. Vimana: The tower above the sanctum of a South Indian temple.
11. Gopuram: A monumental entrance tower, often elaborately decorated, at the entrance of South Indian temples.
12. Mandir: A Hindu temple.
13. Jain Temple: A temple dedicated to Jain deities, often characterized by intricate marble carvings.
14. Ratha: A chariot-shaped shrine or temple structure.
15. Kirti Stambha: A tower or pillar erected to commemorate victory or achievements, common in Jain architecture.
16. Gurudwara: A place of worship for Sikhs.
17. Haveli: A traditional mansion or townhouse, often with inner courtyards, found in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
18. Stepwell: A subterranean water storage structure with stairs leading down to the water level, common in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
19. Bungalow: A single-story house with a veranda, commonly found in colonial-era architecture in India.
20. Chhajja: A sloping roof projection or eave above a window or balcony to provide shade.
21. Chabutra: A raised platform, often used for seating or performing rituals.
22. Chatri: A small dome-shaped pavilion or canopy, often used in Indian architecture.
23. Gazebo: A freestanding, open-sided structure often found in gardens or parks, providing shade and a seating area.
24. Pavilion: A freestanding structure with a roof and open sides, used for various purposes such as viewing or relaxation.
25. Baoli: A stepped well or reservoir, typically found in North India, used for water storage and community gatherings.
26. Darwaza: A gateway or entrance, often grand and elaborately decorated.
27. Jali: Intricately carved stone or latticed screen, commonly used in Mughal architecture.
28. Qutub Minar: A tall minaret in Delhi, UNESCO World Heritage Site and an iconic symbol of Indian architecture.
29. Taj Mahal: Iconic white marble mausoleum in Agra, renowned for its Mughal architecture and beauty.
30. Red Fort: Historic fort complex in Delhi, known for its Mughal architecture and cultural significance.
31. Hawa Mahal: “Palace of Winds” in Jaipur, known for its unique five-story facade with numerous small windows.
32. City Palace: Royal palace complexes in Jaipur, Udaipur, and other cities, showcasing Rajput and Mughal architecture.
33. Forts and Palaces: Historic fortresses and royal residences across India, each with unique architectural styles and features.
34. Chhatri: A small dome-shaped pavilion or canopy, often used in Indian architecture.
35. Baradari: A pavilion or building with twelve doors, common in Mughal architecture.
36. Agrahara: Traditional Hindu residential area surrounding a temple, often characterized by narrow streets and traditional houses.
37. Haveli: A traditional mansion or townhouse, often with inner courtyards, found in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
38. Mausoleum: A large tomb or structure built to house the remains of a revered person, often elaborately designed.
39. Sarovar: A sacred pond or tank near Sikh temples, used for ritual bathing.
40. Gurdwara: A place of worship for Sikhs, often characterized by dome-shaped roofs and central prayer halls.
41. Gumbad: A dome-shaped tomb or structure, commonly found in Mughal architecture.
42. Baithak: A sitting or reception area, often used in traditional Indian homes or palaces.
43. Diwan-i-Khas: The hall of private audience in Mughal palaces, reserved for special guests and discussions.
44. Diwan-i-Am: The hall of public audience in Mughal palaces, where the emperor would meet the public and address issues.
45. Chabutra: A raised platform, often used for seating or performing rituals.
46. Chowk: A courtyard or open space within a building complex, often used for gatherings or ceremonies.
47. Mausoleum: A large tomb or structure built to house the remains of a revered person, often elaborately designed.
48. Nagara Style: A style of temple architecture prevalent in North India, characterized by tall spires and intricate carvings.
49. Dravidian Style: A style of temple architecture prevalent in South India, characterized by pyramid-shaped towers and elaborate sculptures.
50. Indo-Islamic Architecture: Architectural style combining elements of Indian and Islamic design, seen in monuments like the Qutub Minar.
51. Colonial Architecture: Architectural style from the British colonial period, seen in buildings like the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata.
52. Art Deco: Architectural style characterized by geometric shapes, vibrant colors, and decorative motifs, seen in Mumbai’s Marine Drive.
53. Modern Indian Architecture: Contemporary architectural styles influenced by global trends, seen in structures like the Lotus Temple in Delhi.
54. Bungalow: A single-story house with a veranda, commonly found in colonial-era architecture in India.
55. Chettinad House: Traditional Tamil Nadu architecture, known for its spacious courtyards and intricate woodwork.
56. Kerala Style: Traditional architecture from Kerala, characterized by sloping roofs, wooden structures, and open courtyards.
57. Haveli: A traditional mansion or townhouse, often with inner courtyards, found in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
58. Gujarati Architecture: Traditional architecture from Gujarat, known for its intricate carvings and stepwell structures.
59. Goan Architecture: Traditional architecture from Goa, influenced by Portuguese and Indian styles, seen in houses with tiled roofs and verandas.
60. Punjabi Architecture: Traditional architecture from Punjab, characterized by brick structures, courtyards, and decorative frescoes.
61. Rajasthani Architecture: Architectural style from Rajasthan, known for its forts, palaces, and ornate havelis.
62. Mughal Architecture: Architectural style from the Mughal Empire, characterized by domes, minarets, and intricate ornamentation.
63. Bengal Terracotta: Traditional art and architecture from West Bengal, known for its terracotta temples and figurines.
64. Chettinad Palace: Traditional Tamil Nadu architecture, known for its spacious courtyards and intricate woodwork.
65. Jain Architecture: Architectural style associated with Jain temples and monuments, known for its elaborate carvings and designs.
66. Buddhist Architecture: Architectural style associated with Buddhist stupas, monasteries, and viharas, known for its simplicity and symbolism.
67. Hindu Temple Architecture: Architectural style associated with Hindu temples, varying across regions with unique features and designs.
68. Islamic Architecture in India: Architectural style associated with mosques, tombs, and forts built during the Islamic rule in India, known for its arches, domes, and calligraphy.
69. Maratha Architecture: Architectural style associated with Maratha forts and palaces, known for its strategic designs and defensive structures.
70. Rajput Architecture: Architectural style associated with Rajput forts, palaces, and havelis, known for its grandeur and defensive features.
71. Sikh Architecture: Architectural style associated with Sikh gurdwaras, known for its simplicity, symmetry, and emphasis on community spaces.
72. South Indian Temple Architecture: Architectural style associated with temples in South India, known for its towering gopurams, intricate sculptures, and vast courtyards.
73. Madras Terrace: A traditional roofing style in South India, with sloping roofs covered with terracotta tiles.
74. Chettinad House: Traditional Tamil Nadu architecture, known for its spacious courtyards and intricate woodwork.
75. Mandapam: A pillared hall or pavilion in South Indian temples, used for religious ceremonies and gatherings.
76. Kerala Houseboat: Traditional houseboats in Kerala, known as kettuvallam, with wooden structures and thatched roofs.
77. Goan Villa: Traditional houses in Goa, often with Portuguese influences, featuring tiled roofs, verandas, and courtyard gardens.
78. Rajasthani Haveli: Traditional mansions in Rajasthan, known for their ornate facades, courtyards, and frescoes.
79. Chettinad Mansion: Traditional mansions in Chettinad, Tamil Nadu, known for their grandeur, courtyards, and intricate woodwork.
80. Mughal Garden: Traditional gardens in Mughal architecture, featuring water channels, fountains, pavilions, and lush vegetation.
81. Zenana: The women’s quarters in Mughal palaces, often secluded and adorned with intricate decorations.
82. Aangan: The central courtyard of a traditional Indian home, used for social gatherings, ceremonies, and ventilation.
83. Baz Bahadur Palace: Historic palace in Madhya Pradesh, known for its blend of Mughal and Rajput architectural styles.
84. Fatehpur Sikri: Historic city in Uttar Pradesh, known for its Mughal architecture and monuments like the Buland Darwaza and Jama Masjid.
85. Kolkata Victoria Memorial: Iconic monument in Kolkata, showcasing Indo-Saracenic architecture and housing a museum and art gallery.
86. Charbagh Garden: A traditional Persian-style garden divided into four quadrants, often associated with Mughal architecture.
87. Delhi Red Fort: Historic fort complex in Delhi, known for its Mughal architecture, including the Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Am.
88. Jaipur City Palace: Royal palace complex in Jaipur, known for its blend of Rajput and Mughal architectural elements.
89. Udaipur Lake Palace: Iconic palace in Udaipur, known for its location on Lake Pichola and Rajput-Mughal architecture.
90. Kumbhalgarh Fort: Massive fort in Rajasthan, known for its defensive walls and Rajput architecture.
91. Qutub Minar Complex: Historic complex in Delhi, featuring the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, and Iron Pillar.
92. Mysore Palace: Royal palace in Karnataka, known for its Indo-Saracenic architecture, intricate interiors, and grand Durbar Hall.
93. Ajanta and Ellora Caves: UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Maharashtra, known for their rock-cut caves and ancient Indian art and architecture.
94. Kanheri Caves: Buddhist rock-cut caves in Mumbai, known for their sculptures, viharas, and chaityas.
95. Mahabalipuram: UNESCO World Heritage Site in Tamil Nadu, known for its rock-cut temples, monolithic sculptures, and Shore Temple.
96. Khajuraho Temples: UNESCO World Heritage Site in Madhya Pradesh, known for their intricate sculptures and depiction of Kama Sutra themes.
97. Konark Sun Temple: UNESCO World Heritage Site in Odisha, known for its intricate stone carvings and architectural grandeur.
98. Hampi: UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, known for its ancient ruins, temples, and architectural marvels.
99. Sanchi Stupa: UNESCO World Heritage Site in Madhya Pradesh, known for its Buddhist stupas, monasteries, and ancient relics.
100. Brihadeeswarar Temple: Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, known for its Dravidian architecture, massive gopuram, and granite sculptures.

Construction terms in India

 

1. Foundation: The lowest part of a building that supports the structure.
2. Footings: The base of a foundation that spreads the load of the building.
3. Pile Foundation: A type of deep foundation using piles to transfer loads to deeper soil or rock.
4. Raft Foundation: A type of foundation where the entire building’s load is spread over a large area.
5. Superstructure: The part of a building above the foundation, including walls, floors, and roof.
6. Columns: Vertical structural members that support loads and transmit them to the foundation.
7. Beams: Horizontal structural members that support the load from the structure above and transfer it to columns or walls.
8. Slab: A flat, horizontal structural element used as floors or roofs in buildings.
9. Lintel: A horizontal structural member placed above openings like doors and windows to support the load above.
10. Brickwork: Construction using bricks, commonly used for walls and partitions.
11. Concrete: A mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water used as a construction material.
12. Reinforcement: Steel bars or mesh used to strengthen concrete and prevent cracking.
13. Formwork: Temporary molds or frameworks used to hold wet concrete in place until it sets.
14. Masonry: Construction using bricks, stones, or concrete blocks bonded together with mortar.
15. Plastering: The process of applying a smooth coating of plaster to walls and ceilings.
16. Rendering: Similar to plastering, but with a thicker coat, often used for exterior walls.
17. Painting: Applying paint or other coatings to surfaces for protection and decoration.
18. Waterproofing: Treating surfaces to prevent water from penetrating into the building.
19. Roofing: The construction of the roof of a building, including materials like tiles, metal sheets, or concrete.
20. Trusses: Structural frameworks used to support the roof and distribute its load to the walls.
21. Scaffolding: Temporary structures used to support workers and materials during construction or maintenance.
22. Shuttering: Temporary formwork used to contain and shape wet concrete until it sets.
23. Casting: Pouring concrete into formwork to create structural elements like beams, columns, and slabs.
24. Grouting: Filling gaps or voids with a cementitious or resin-based material.
25. Curing: The process of maintaining adequate moisture and temperature for concrete to achieve its desired strength.
26. Excavation: Digging and removing earth to prepare the ground for construction.
27. Backfilling: Refilling excavated areas with soil or other materials.
28. Compaction: The process of mechanically compacting soil or fill material to increase its density and stability.
29. Footing Drain: A drainage system installed around the foundation to prevent water buildup.
30. Retaining Wall: A structure designed to retain soil and prevent erosion or landslides.
31. Flooring: The finish material applied to floors, including tiles, wood, carpet, or concrete.
32. Tiles: Thin, flat pieces of ceramic, stone, or other materials used for flooring, walls, and roofs.
33. Plumbing: The installation of pipes, fixtures, and fittings for water supply and drainage in buildings.
34. Electrical Wiring: The installation of wires, cables, and electrical components for power distribution and lighting.
35. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning): Systems installed for controlling indoor temperature, humidity, and air quality.
36. Ducting: The installation of ducts for HVAC systems to distribute air throughout the building.
37. Fireproofing: Treating materials or structures to resist fire or slow down its spread.
38. Insulation: Adding materials to walls, roofs, and floors to reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency.
39. Water Tank: A container for storing water, commonly installed on rooftops or underground.
40. Piping: The installation of pipes for water supply, drainage, gas, or other fluids.
41. Pump: A mechanical device used to move liquids, gases, or slurries.
42. Septic Tank: A tank buried underground for treating sewage from a building.
43. Manhole: An opening in a sewer or drainage system for maintenance and inspection.
44. Grilles and Louvres: Ventilation openings with slats or blades to control airflow and prevent entry of debris or animals.
45. Fire Alarm System: An electronic system that detects and alerts occupants in case of fire.
46. Fire Extinguisher: A device used to extinguish small fires or control flames.
47. Smoke Detector: A device that senses smoke and triggers an alarm or activates ventilation systems.
48. Access Control System: A security system that restricts access to authorized personnel only.
49. CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television): Surveillance cameras used for monitoring and recording activities in and around a building.
50. Intercom System: A communication system used for internal communication within a building.
51. Elevators: Vertical transportation systems for moving people or goods between floors.
52. Escalators: Moving staircases for transporting people between different levels.
53. Facade: The exterior face of a building, including walls, windows, doors, and finishes.
54. Cladding: Exterior material applied to the facade for protection and aesthetics.
55. Awnings: Roof-like structures attached to the exterior walls for shading windows or entrances.
56. Canopy: A roof-like projection over an entrance or walkway for shelter.
57. Balcony: A platform projecting from the wall of a building, enclosed by a railing.
58. Parapet: A low protective wall or railing along the edge of a roof, balcony, or terrace.
59. Railings: Barriers or guards installed along edges for safety and support.
60. Pavers: Interlocking stones or bricks used for paving walkways, driveways, or patios.
61. Landscaping: The design and arrangement of outdoor spaces, including gardens, lawns, and pathways.
62. Water Feature: Decorative elements like fountains, ponds, or waterfalls in landscaping.
63. Fencing: Barriers or enclosures made of materials like wood, metal, or wire for security or privacy.
64. Gate: A movable barrier at an entrance, often used with fences or walls.
65. Boundary Wall: A wall or fence marking the limits of a property or land.
66. Road Construction: The process of building or repairing roads, including grading, paving, and drainage.
67. Asphalt: A mixture of bitumen and aggregates used for road surfacing.
68. Concrete Pavement: Pavement made of concrete for roads, walkways, or parking areas.
69. Traffic Signage: Signs and markings on roads for regulating traffic, providing directions, and ensuring safety.
70. Street Lighting: Lighting fixtures installed along roads and streets for illumination at night.
71. Road Markings: Painted lines, symbols, and patterns on roads for traffic guidance and regulation.
72. Drainage System: The network of pipes, gutters, and channels for collecting and directing stormwater or wastewater.
73. Stormwater Management: Systems and structures for managing rainwater runoff and preventing flooding.
74. Storm Drain: A drain for carrying rainwater or runoff away from roads, buildings, or other areas.
75. Catch Basin: A chamber or pit in a drainage system for collecting debris and sediment.
76. Culvert: A structure that allows water to flow under roads, railways, or embankments.
77. Sewer System: Underground pipes and channels for collecting and conveying sewage to treatment plants.
78. Manhole Cover: A removable cover for accessing underground sewers or utility lines.
79. Water Supply System: Infrastructure for delivering potable water to buildings and communities.
80. Water Meter: A device for measuring and monitoring water usage in buildings.
81. Water Treatment Plant: Facility for treating and purifying water before distribution.
82. Reservoir: A large artificial lake or storage facility for holding water.
83. Water Pumping Station: Facility for pumping water from a source to distribution networks.
84. Hydroelectric Power Plant: A facility that generates electricity from flowing water.
85. Solar Power System: Installation of solar panels and equipment for harnessing solar energy.
86. Wind Turbine: A device that converts wind energy into electrical power.
87. Geothermal System: HVAC system that uses the earth’s heat for heating and cooling buildings.
88. Energy Efficiency: Design and construction practices aimed at reducing energy consumption and waste.
89. Green Building: Sustainable construction practices that minimize environmental impact.
90. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design): Certification system for green buildings.
91. BIM (Building Information Modeling): Digital modeling and management of building information for design, construction, and maintenance.
92. CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Software for creating detailed designs and plans.
93. Construction Management: Planning, coordination, and supervision of construction projects.
94. Project Manager: Individual responsible for overseeing the entire construction project.
95. Contractor: A company or individual hired to perform construction work.
96. Subcontractor: A company or individual hired by the main contractor to perform specific tasks or services.
97. Engineer: Professional responsible for designing and overseeing construction projects.
98. Architect: Professional responsible for designing buildings and overseeing their construction.
99. Surveyor: Professional responsible for measuring and mapping land for construction projects.
100. Safety Equipment: Protective gear and devices used to ensure worker safety on construction sites.